International Journal of Molecular and Cellular Medicine (IJMCM)

Background: This research aimed to compare the effects of chemical gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and green gold nanoparticles (gGNPs) derived from Achillea bielineeinii (AB) extract (gGNP) on antrum diameter.

Methods: The expression of genes linked to follicular development in NMRI mice. Real-time PCR and ImageJ software were utilized to evaluate gene expression and antrum diameter, respectively.

Results: The gGNPs notably increased the antrum diameter of secondary follicles at a dose of 100 μg/ml compared to that of the GNPs at the same dosage (p ≤ 0.05). The antrum diameter of the transplant follicles did not significantly differ across the experimental groups or from the control group. The real-time PCR results showed an increase in the expression of all studied genes (BMP-15, GDF-9, SOD, and GPx) in response to both GNP and gGNPs. However, the impact of gGNPs on gene expression was significantly more than that of GNPs (p ≤ 0.05), except for for the SOD gene.

Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that the use of AB enhances the effects of GNP on parameters associated with follicular development.