en Neurosciences Neurosciences Review Review <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:14.0pt">The intricate bidirectional communication between the heart and brain, mediated by autonomic, neural, and hemodynamic pathways, plays a pivotal role in neurovisceral integration (NVI) and the regulation of cognitive and emotional processes in the brain. This review synthesizes key mechanisms underlying this interaction, including cross-frequency coupling (CFC), heart rate variability (HRV), and heartbeat-evoked responses (HERs). CFC facilitates the synchronization of low-frequency cardiac rhythms with higher-frequency brain oscillations, supporting cognitive functions such as memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation. HERs, cortical responses synchronized with heartbeats, reflect the brain&rsquo;s integration of cardiac signals into interoceptive awareness and self-consciousness. HRV emerges as a critical marker of autonomic balance, with higher HRV associated with enhanced emotional resilience and cognitive performance. Additionally, pressure pulsatility from each heartbeat influences brain activity via mechanosensitive channels like Piezo2, linking cardiovascular dynamics to sensory processing and cognition. These mechanisms collectively underscore the heart&rsquo;s active role in shaping brain function and consciousness. Abnormalities in these interactions are implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, anxiety, and depression, highlighting their clinical relevance. Therapeutic interventions such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), biofeedback, and mindfulness practices show promise in modulating heart-brain coherence to improve mental and cardiovascular health. Despite significant advances, limitations remain, including reliance on animal models, incomplete understanding of precise mechanisms, and challenges in isolating heart-brain dynamics from other influencing factors. Future research should focus on bridging these gaps to unlock the full potential of heart-brain coupling for innovative healthcare solutions<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="text-justify:kashida"><span style="text-kashida:0%"><span style="line-height:14.0pt"><span style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="direction:rtl"><span style="unicode-bidi:embed"><span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; Cognition, Emotion, Cross Frequency Coupling (CFC), Neurovisceral integration, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) 1261 1284 http://ijmcmed.org/browse.php?a_code=A-10-98-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Sahand Ashrafpour sah.ashrafpour@gmail.com 100319475328460037141 0009-0005-2426-8284 No Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Mohammad Mahmoudjanloo mohammad.mahmodjanloo@gmail.com 100319475328460037142 100319475328460037142 No Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Manouchehr Ashrafpour mnrashrafpour@yahoo.com 100319475328460037143 100319475328460037143 Yes Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran